Snakebites can happen suddenly and without warning, whether you’re hiking, gardening, or simply enjoying the outdoors. In Australia, where venomous snakes are widespread, a quick response is crucial. This will walk you through the essential steps of snakebite first aid, from identifying symptoms to applying lifesaving techniques like the Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) and CPR.
What is a Snakebite?
A snakebite occurs when a snake punctures the skin with its fangs. In Australia, this can lead to anything from minor swelling to life-threatening envenomation, depending on the species and type of bite. On average, 3,000 snakebites occur each year across the country.
Signs & Symptoms
Common snakebite symptoms in Australia include:
- Two puncture marks on the skin
- Swelling, redness, or bruising at the site
- Bleeding or blistering
- Severe localised pain
- Nausea or vomiting
- Breathing difficulty
- Paralysis or convulsions
Immediate action is essential even if symptoms seem mild at first.
Venomous vs Dry vs Non-venomous Bites
Not all snakebites are the same — and understanding the difference could save a life.
- Venomous bites: These inject toxic venom into the body, potentially affecting the nervous system, blood clotting, and the heart.
- Dry bites: A venomous snake strikes but releases no venom. They still require medical attention.
- Non-venomous bites: These don’t inject venom but may cause infection or complications like tetanus.
Immediate First Aid Steps
Call 000 & Stay Calm
- Dial 000 immediately.
- Stay calm to slow the spread of venom.
- Keep the victim as still as possible.
- Do not wash the bite area, cut the wound, suck out venom, or apply a tourniquet.
DRSABCD Explained
It is a step-by-step action plan used in first aid to respond to emergencies and potentially save lives. This method helps first responders stay calm and organised when someone is unconscious or not breathing properly
Follow the DRSABCD action plan:
- D – Danger: Ensure safety for yourself and others.
- R – Response: Check if the victim is conscious.
- S – Send for help: Call 000.
- A – Airway: Ensure the airway is clear.
- B – Breathing: Look, listen, and feel for breath.
- C – CPR: If no breathing, begin CPR.
- D – Defibrillation: Apply an AED if available.
Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT)
When & Why to Use PIT
Use the Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) immediately after a bite from a suspected venomous snake. This technique is designed to slow the spread of venom through the lymphatic system, giving you precious time while waiting for emergency services.
Step‑by‑Step Application
Step 1 – Apply Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT):
- Firmly wrap an elastic bandage over the bite site, then extend up the full limb.
- Maintain consistent pressure—tight enough that you cannot slip a finger under the bandage.
- Immobilise the limb using a splint or sling.
- Keep the limb completely still.
CPR for Snakebite Victims
When to Start CPR?
Begin CPR immediately if the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally. A severe envenomation can cause cardiac arrest.
CPR Technique Recap
- 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths
- Compression rate: 100–120 per minute
- Depth: One-third of chest depth (about 5 cm for adults)
- Continue CPR until medical help arrives or the person recovers.
FAQs
Is a tourniquet safe to use for snakebite first aid?
No. Tourniquets can cause more harm than good by restricting blood flow and increasing tissue damage. Use the Pressure Immobilisation Technique instead.
How long do I wait before medical help arrives?
Average ambulance response times vary by location. Apply PIT and remain as still as possible. Continue monitoring the victim and be ready to perform CPR if needed.
Does PIT work for non-snake bites?
Yes. PIT is also effective for bites and stings from other venomous creatures like funnel-web spiders, blue-ringed octopuses, white‑lipped snake bites, and cone snails.
FAQs
What are the 3 ways to treat a snake bite?
The three ways to treat a snake bite are:
Immobilisation: Keep the bitten limb as still as possible to slow the spread of venom through the bloodstream.
Pressure Bandage: Apply a firm bandage above the bite site to help slow down venom movement. It shouldn’t cut off circulation completely.
Seek Medical Help: Get medical assistance immediately, as antivenom might be required. Avoid trying to suck out venom or using tourniquets, as they can worsen the situation.
How do you neutralise a snake bite?
To neutralise a snake bite, keep the victim calm and immobile, and seek immediate medical attention by calling triple zero (000). Do not attempt to suck out the venom or use a tourniquet, as these can worsen the situation.
What does a non poisonous snake bite look like?
A non-poisonous snake bite typically appears as two parallel rows of small, evenly spaced puncture wounds. It might cause minor pain, redness, and swelling, but serious symptoms are unlikely. Always monitor for any changes and seek medical advice if concerned.
What are the four not to do things when bitten by a snake?
Do not panic: Panicking can increase your heart rate and accelerate the spread of venom.
Do not suck out the venom: Attempting to suck out the venom with your mouth can lead to infection and is ineffective.
Do not use a tourniquet: Tying a tourniquet above the bite can restrict blood flow and worsen tissue damage.
Do not cut the wound: Cutting the bite area to try and remove venom is not recommended and can lead to more harm.
Instead, stay calm and still as possible, immobilise the affected limb, and seek immediate medical help.
Why do you immobilise a snake bite?
Immobilising a snake bite helps slow down the spread of venom through the lymphatic system and bloodstream. When you immobilise the affected limb, you reduce the movement of the muscles and slows the circulation of blood and lymph fluid. This can help prevent the venom from spreading more quickly throughout the body.